Use the OverlayFS storage driver

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OverlayFS is a modern union filesystem that is similar to AUFS, but faster and with a simpler implementation. Docker provides two storage drivers for OverlayFS: the original overlay, and the newer and more stable overlay2.

This topic refers to the Linux kernel driver as OverlayFS and to the Docker storage driver as overlay or overlay2.

Note: If you use OverlayFS, use the overlay2 driver rather than the overlay driver, because it is more efficient in terms of inode utilization. To use the new driver, you need version 4.0 or higher of the Linux kernel, or RHEL or CentOS using version 3.10.0-514 and above.

For more information about differences between overlay vs overlay2, check Docker storage drivers.

Note: For fuse-overlayfs driver, check Rootless mode documentation.

Prerequisites

OverlayFS is the recommended storage driver, and supported if you meet the following prerequisites:

• Version 4.0 or higher of the Linux kernel, or RHEL or CentOS using version 3.10.0-514 of the kernel or higher. If you use an older kernel, you need to use the overlay driver, which is not recommended.

• The overlay and overlay2 drivers are supported on xfs backing filesystems, but only with d_type=true enabled.

  Use xfs_info to verify that the ftype option is set to 1. To format an xfs filesystem correctly, use the flag -n ftype=1.

  Warning: Running on XFS without d_type support now causes Docker to skip the attempt to use the overlay or overlay2 driver. Existing installs will continue to run, but produce an error. This is to allow users to migrate their data. In a future version, this will be a fatal error, which will prevent Docker from starting.

• Changing the storage driver makes existing containers and images inaccessible on the local system. Use docker save to save any images you have built or push them to Docker Hub or a private registry before changing the storage driver, so that you do not need to re-create them later.

Configure Docker with the overlay or overlay2 storage driver

It is highly recommended that you use the overlay2 driver if possible, rather than the overlay driver. The overlay driver is not supported for Docker EE.

To configure Docker to use the overlay storage driver your Docker host must be running version 3.18 of the Linux kernel (preferably newer) with the overlay kernel module loaded. For the overlay2 driver, the version of your kernel must be 4.0 or newer.

Before following this procedure, you must first meet all the prerequisites.

The steps below outline how to configure the overlay2 storage driver. If you need to use the legacy overlay driver, specify it instead.

1. Stop Docker.

   $ sudo systemctl stop docker
   

2. Copy the contents of /var/lib/docker to a temporary location.

   $ cp -au /var/lib/docker /var/lib/docker.bk
   

3. If you want to use a separate backing filesystem from the one used by /var/lib/, format the filesystem and mount it into /var/lib/docker. Make sure add this mount to /etc/fstab to make it permanent.

4. Edit /etc/docker/daemon.json. If it does not yet exist, create it. Assuming that the file was empty, add the following contents.

   {
     "storage-driver": "overlay2"
   }
   

   Docker does not start if the daemon.json file contains badly-formed JSON.

5. Start Docker.

   $ sudo systemctl start docker
   

6. Verify that the daemon is using the overlay2 storage driver. Use the docker info command and look for Storage Driver and Backing filesystem.

   $ docker info
   
   Containers: 0
   Images: 0
   Storage Driver: overlay2
    Backing Filesystem: xfs
    Supports d_type: true
    Native Overlay Diff: true
   <...>
   

Docker is now using the overlay2 storage driver and has automatically created the overlay mount with the required lowerdir, upperdir, merged, and workdir constructs.

Continue reading for details about how OverlayFS works within your Docker containers, as well as performance advice and information about limitations of its compatibility with different backing filesystems.

How the overlay2 driver works

If you are still using the overlay driver rather than overlay2, see How the overlay driver works instead.

OverlayFS layers two directories on a single Linux host and presents them as a single directory. These directories are called layers and the unification process is referred to as a union mount. OverlayFS refers to the lower directory as lowerdir and the upper directory a upperdir. The unified view is exposed through its own directory called merged.

The overlay2 driver natively supports up to 128 lower OverlayFS layers. This capability provides better performance for layer-related Docker commands such as docker build and docker commit, and consumes fewer inodes on the backing filesystem.

Image and container layers on-disk

After downloading a five-layer image using docker pull ubuntu, you can see six directories under /var/lib/docker/overlay2.

Warning: Do not directly manipulate any files or directories within /var/lib/docker/. These files and directories are managed by Docker.

$ ls -l /var/lib/docker/overlay2

total 24
drwx------ 5 root root 4096 Jun 20 07:36 223c2864175491657d238e2664251df13b63adb8d050924fd1bfcdb278b866f7
drwx------ 3 root root 4096 Jun 20 07:36 3a36935c9df35472229c57f4a27105a136f5e4dbef0f87905b2e506e494e348b
drwx------ 5 root root 4096 Jun 20 07:36 4e9fa83caff3e8f4cc83693fa407a4a9fac9573deaf481506c102d484dd1e6a1
drwx------ 5 root root 4096 Jun 20 07:36 e8876a226237217ec61c4baf238a32992291d059fdac95ed6303bdff3f59cff5
drwx------ 5 root root 4096 Jun 20 07:36 eca1e4e1694283e001f200a667bb3cb40853cf2d1b12c29feda7422fed78afed
drwx------ 2 root root 4096 Jun 20 07:36 l

The new l (lowercase L) directory contains shortened layer identifiers as symbolic links. These identifiers are used to avoid hitting the page size limitation on arguments to the mount command.

$ ls -l /var/lib/docker/overlay2/l

total 20
lrwxrwxrwx 1 root root 72 Jun 20 07:36 6Y5IM2XC7TSNIJZZFLJCS6I4I4 -> ../3a36935c9df35472229c57f4a27105a136f5e4dbef0f87905b2e506e494e348b/diff
lrwxrwxrwx 1 root root 72 Jun 20 07:36 B3WWEFKBG3PLLV737KZFIASSW7 -> ../4e9fa83caff3e8f4cc83693fa407a4a9fac9573deaf481506c102d484dd1e6a1/diff
lrwxrwxrwx 1 root root 72 Jun 20 07:36 JEYMODZYFCZFYSDABYXD5MF6YO -> ../eca1e4e1694283e001f200a667bb3cb40853cf2d1b12c29feda7422fed78afed/diff
lrwxrwxrwx 1 root root 72 Jun 20 07:36 NFYKDW6APBCCUCTOUSYDH4DXAT -> ../223c2864175491657d238e2664251df13b63adb8d050924fd1bfcdb278b866f7/diff
lrwxrwxrwx 1 root root 72 Jun 20 07:36 UL2MW33MSE3Q5VYIKBRN4ZAGQP -> ../e8876a226237217ec61c4baf238a32992291d059fdac95ed6303bdff3f59cff5/diff

The lowest layer contains a file called link, which contains the name of the shortened identifier, and a directory called diff which contains the layer’s contents.

$ ls /var/lib/docker/overlay2/3a36935c9df35472229c57f4a27105a136f5e4dbef0f87905b2e506e494e348b/

diff  link

$ cat /var/lib/docker/overlay2/3a36935c9df35472229c57f4a27105a136f5e4dbef0f87905b2e506e494e348b/link

6Y5IM2XC7TSNIJZZFLJCS6I4I4

$ ls  /var/lib/docker/overlay2/3a36935c9df35472229c57f4a27105a136f5e4dbef0f87905b2e506e494e348b/diff

bin  boot  dev  etc  home  lib  lib64  media  mnt  opt  proc  root  run  sbin  srv  sys  tmp  usr  var

The second-lowest layer, and each higher layer, contain a file called lower, which denotes its parent, and a directory called diff which contains its contents. It also contains a merged directory, which contains the unified contents of its parent layer and itself, and a work directory which is used internally by OverlayFS.

$ ls /var/lib/docker/overlay2/223c2864175491657d238e2664251df13b63adb8d050924fd1bfcdb278b866f7

diff  link  lower  merged  work

$ cat /var/lib/docker/overlay2/223c2864175491657d238e2664251df13b63adb8d050924fd1bfcdb278b866f7/lower

l/6Y5IM2XC7TSNIJZZFLJCS6I4I4

$ ls /var/lib/docker/overlay2/223c2864175491657d238e2664251df13b63adb8d050924fd1bfcdb278b866f7/diff/

etc  sbin  usr  var

To view the mounts which exist when you use the overlay storage driver with Docker, use the mount command. The output below is truncated for readability.

$ mount | grep overlay

overlay on /var/lib/docker/overlay2/9186877cdf386d0a3b016149cf30c208f326dca307529e646afce5b3f83f5304/merged
type overlay (rw,relatime,
lowerdir=l/DJA75GUWHWG7EWICFYX54FIOVT:l/B3WWEFKBG3PLLV737KZFIASSW7:l/JEYMODZYFCZFYSDABYXD5MF6YO:l/UL2MW33MSE3Q5VYIKBRN4ZAGQP:l/NFYKDW6APBCCUCTOUSYDH4DXAT:l/6Y5IM2XC7TSNIJZZFLJCS6I4I4,
upperdir=9186877cdf386d0a3b016149cf30c208f326dca307529e646afce5b3f83f5304/diff,
workdir=9186877cdf386d0a3b016149cf30c208f326dca307529e646afce5b3f83f5304/work)

The rw on the second line shows that the overlay mount is read-write.

How the overlay driver works

This content applies to the overlay driver only. Docker recommends using the overlay2 driver, which works differently. See How the overlay2 driver works for overlay2.

OverlayFS layers two directories on a single Linux host and presents them as a single directory. These directories are called layers and the unification process is referred to as a union mount. OverlayFS refers to the lower directory as lowerdir and the upper directory a upperdir. The unified view is exposed through its own directory called merged.

The diagram below shows how a Docker image and a Docker container are layered. The image layer is the lowerdir and the container layer is the upperdir. The unified view is exposed through a directory called merged which is effectively the containers mount point. The diagram shows how Docker constructs map to OverlayFS constructs.

Where the image layer and the container layer contain the same files, the container layer “wins” and obscures the existence of the same files in the image layer.

The overlay driver only works with two layers. This means that multi-layered images cannot be implemented as multiple OverlayFS layers. Instead, each image layer is implemented as its own directory under /var/lib/docker/overlay. Hard links are then used as a space-efficient way to reference data shared with lower layers. The use of hardlinks causes an excessive use of inodes, which is a known limitation of the legacy overlay storage driver, and may require additional configuration of the backing filesystem. Refer to the overlayFS and Docker performance for details.

To create a container, the overlay driver combines the directory representing the image’s top layer plus a new directory for the container. The image’s top layer is the lowerdir in the overlay and is read-only. The new directory for the container is the upperdir and is writable.

Image and container layers on-disk

The following docker pull command shows a Docker host downloading a Docker image comprising five layers.

$ docker pull ubuntu

Using default tag: latest
latest: Pulling from library/ubuntu

5ba4f30e5bea: Pull complete
9d7d19c9dc56: Pull complete
ac6ad7efd0f9: Pull complete
e7491a747824: Pull complete
a3ed95caeb02: Pull complete
Digest: sha256:46fb5d001b88ad904c5c732b086b596b92cfb4a4840a3abd0e35dbb6870585e4
Status: Downloaded newer image for ubuntu:latest

The image layers

Each image layer has its own directory within /var/lib/docker/overlay/, which contains its contents, as shown below. The image layer IDs do not correspond to the directory IDs.

Warning: Do not directly manipulate any files or directories within /var/lib/docker/. These files and directories are managed by Docker.

$ ls -l /var/lib/docker/overlay/

total 20
drwx------ 3 root root 4096 Jun 20 16:11 38f3ed2eac129654acef11c32670b534670c3a06e483fce313d72e3e0a15baa8
drwx------ 3 root root 4096 Jun 20 16:11 55f1e14c361b90570df46371b20ce6d480c434981cbda5fd68c6ff61aa0a5358
drwx------ 3 root root 4096 Jun 20 16:11 824c8a961a4f5e8fe4f4243dab57c5be798e7fd195f6d88ab06aea92ba931654
drwx------ 3 root root 4096 Jun 20 16:11 ad0fe55125ebf599da124da175174a4b8c1878afe6907bf7c78570341f308461
drwx------ 3 root root 4096 Jun 20 16:11 edab9b5e5bf73f2997524eebeac1de4cf9c8b904fa8ad3ec43b3504196aa3801

The image layer directories contain the files unique to that layer as well as hard links to the data that is shared with lower layers. This allows for efficient use of disk space.

$ ls -i /var/lib/docker/overlay/38f3ed2eac129654acef11c32670b534670c3a06e483fce313d72e3e0a15baa8/root/bin/ls

19793696 /var/lib/docker/overlay/38f3ed2eac129654acef11c32670b534670c3a06e483fce313d72e3e0a15baa8/root/bin/ls

$ ls -i /var/lib/docker/overlay/55f1e14c361b90570df46371b20ce6d480c434981cbda5fd68c6ff61aa0a5358/root/bin/ls

19793696 /var/lib/docker/overlay/55f1e14c361b90570df46371b20ce6d480c434981cbda5fd68c6ff61aa0a5358/root/bin/ls

The container layer

Containers also exist on-disk in the Docker host’s filesystem under /var/lib/docker/overlay/. If you list a running container’s subdirectory using the ls -l command, three directories and one file exist:

$ ls -l /var/lib/docker/overlay/<directory-of-running-container>

total 16
-rw-r--r-- 1 root root   64 Jun 20 16:39 lower-id
drwxr-xr-x 1 root root 4096 Jun 20 16:39 merged
drwxr-xr-x 4 root root 4096 Jun 20 16:39 upper
drwx------ 3 root root 4096 Jun 20 16:39 work

The lower-id file contains the ID of the top layer of the image the container is based on, which is the OverlayFS lowerdir.

$ cat /var/lib/docker/overlay/ec444863a55a9f1ca2df72223d459c5d940a721b2288ff86a3f27be28b53be6c/lower-id

55f1e14c361b90570df46371b20ce6d480c434981cbda5fd68c6ff61aa0a5358

The upper directory contains the contents of the container’s read-write layer, which corresponds to the OverlayFS upperdir.

The merged directory is the union mount of the lowerdir and upperdir, which comprises the view of the filesystem from within the running container.

The work directory is internal to OverlayFS.

To view the mounts which exist when you use the overlay storage driver with Docker, use the mount command. The output below is truncated for readability.

$ mount | grep overlay

overlay on /var/lib/docker/overlay/ec444863a55a.../merged
type overlay (rw,relatime,lowerdir=/var/lib/docker/overlay/55f1e14c361b.../root,
upperdir=/var/lib/docker/overlay/ec444863a55a.../upper,
workdir=/var/lib/docker/overlay/ec444863a55a.../work)

The rw on the second line shows that the overlay mount is read-write.

How container reads and writes work with overlay or overlay2

Reading files

Consider three scenarios where a container opens a file for read access with overlay.

• The file does not exist in the container layer: If a container opens a file for read access and the file does not already exist in the container (upperdir) it is read from the image (lowerdir). This incurs very little performance overhead.

• The file only exists in the container layer: If a container opens a file for read access and the file exists in the container (upperdir) and not in the image (lowerdir), it is read directly from the container.

• The file exists in both the container layer and the image layer: If a container opens a file for read access and the file exists in the image layer and the container layer, the file’s version in the container layer is read. Files in the container layer (upperdir) obscure files with the same name in the image layer (lowerdir).

Modifying files or directories

Consider some scenarios where files in a container are modified.

• Writing to a file for the first time: The first time a container writes to an existing file, that file does not exist in the container (upperdir). The overlay/overlay2 driver performs a copy_up operation to copy the file from the image (lowerdir) to the container (upperdir). The container then writes the changes to the new copy of the file in the container layer.

  However, OverlayFS works at the file level rather than the block level. This means that all OverlayFS copy_up operations copy the entire file, even if the file is very large and only a small part of it is being modified. This can have a noticeable impact on container write performance. However, two things are worth noting:

  • The copy_up operation only occurs the first time a given file is written to. Subsequent writes to the same file operate against the copy of the file already copied up to the container.

  • OverlayFS only works with two layers. This means that performance should be better than AUFS, which can suffer noticeable latencies when searching for files in images with many layers. This advantage applies to both overlay and overlay2 drivers. overlayfs2 is slightly less performant than overlayfs on initial read, because it must look through more layers, but it caches the results so this is only a small penalty.

• Deleting files and directories:

  • When a file is deleted within a container, a whiteout file is created in the container (upperdir). The version of the file in the image layer (lowerdir) is not deleted (because the lowerdir is read-only). However, the whiteout file prevents it from being available to the container.

  • When a directory is deleted within a container, an opaque directory is created within the container (upperdir). This works in the same way as a whiteout file and effectively prevents the directory from being accessed, even though it still exists in the image (lowerdir).

• Renaming directories: Calling rename(2) for a directory is allowed only when both the source and the destination path are on the top layer. Otherwise, it returns EXDEV error (“cross-device link not permitted”). Your application needs to be designed to handle EXDEV and fall back to a “copy and unlink” strategy.

OverlayFS and Docker Performance

Both overlay2 and overlay drivers are more performant than aufs and devicemapper. In certain circumstances, overlay2 may perform better than btrfs as well. However, be aware of the following details.

• Page Caching. OverlayFS supports page cache sharing. Multiple containers accessing the same file share a single page cache entry for that file. This makes the overlay and overlay2 drivers efficient with memory and a good option for high-density use cases such as PaaS.

• copy_up. As with AUFS, OverlayFS performs copy-up operations whenever a container writes to a file for the first time. This can add latency into the write operation, especially for large files. However, once the file has been copied up, all subsequent writes to that file occur in the upper layer, without the need for further copy-up operations.

  The OverlayFS copy_up operation is faster than the same operation with AUFS, because AUFS supports more layers than OverlayFS and it is possible to incur far larger latencies if searching through many AUFS layers. overlay2 supports multiple layers as well, but mitigates any performance hit with caching.

• Inode limits. Use of the legacy overlay storage driver can cause excessive inode consumption. This is especially true in the presence of a large number of images and containers on the Docker host. The only way to increase the number of inodes available to a filesystem is to reformat it. To avoid running into this issue, it is highly recommended that you use overlay2 if at all possible.

Performance best practices

The following generic performance best practices also apply to OverlayFS.

• Use fast storage: Solid-state drives (SSDs) provide faster reads and writes than spinning disks.

• Use volumes for write-heavy workloads: Volumes provide the best and most predictable performance for write-heavy workloads. This is because they bypass the storage driver and do not incur any of the potential overheads introduced by thin provisioning and copy-on-write. Volumes have other benefits, such as allowing you to share data among containers and persisting your data even if no running container is using them.

Limitations on OverlayFS compatibility

To summarize the OverlayFS’s aspect which is incompatible with other filesystems:

• open(2): OverlayFS only implements a subset of the POSIX standards. This can result in certain OverlayFS operations breaking POSIX standards. One such operation is the copy-up operation. Suppose that your application calls fd1=open("foo", O_RDONLY) and then fd2=open("foo", O_RDWR). In this case, your application expects fd1 and fd2 to refer to the same file. However, due to a copy-up operation that occurs after the second calling to open(2), the descriptors refer to different files. The fd1 continues to reference the file in the image (lowerdir) and the fd2 references the file in the container (upperdir). A workaround for this is to touch the files which causes the copy-up operation to happen. All subsequent open(2) operations regardless of read-only or read-write access mode reference the file in the container (upperdir).

  yum is known to be affected unless the yum-plugin-ovl package is installed. If the yum-plugin-ovl package is not available in your distribution such as RHEL/CentOS prior to 6.8 or 7.2, you may need to run touch /var/lib/rpm/* before running yum install. This package implements the touch workaround referenced above for yum.

• rename(2): OverlayFS does not fully support the rename(2) system call. Your application needs to detect its failure and fall back to a “copy and unlink” strategy.